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Vaccination Guidelines and Considerations for Adults Living with HIV

Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by two lentiviruses—human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2)—both originating from multiple cross-species transmissions of...

Japanese Encephalitis: Vaccination Strategies and Recommendations

Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotropic member of the Flaviviridae family and Orthoflavivirus genus which also includes dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and West Nile...

Influenza vaccination for the 2025–2026 season in the Northern Hemisphere and the 2026 season in the Southern Hemisphere in the context of potential B/Yamagata...

Introduction Key Strains Since 2009. Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, several influenza strains have established global circulation as seasonal viruses: A(H1N1)pdm09: The 2009 pandemic strain...

Rabies Vaccination, Simplified Schedules

Introduction Current Global Situation Rabies remains endemic in many regions, particularly across Africa, Asia, and parts of Latin America. According to the World Health Organization...

Respiratory Syncicial Virus Vaccination In Adults

Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and acute respiratory infections (ARIs), and poses a significant health...

Protecting Two Lives: The Essential Role of Vaccination in Pregnancy

Introduction: Globally 2.3 million children died in the first 28 days of life in 2022. There are approximately 6500 newborn deaths every day, amounting to 47% of...

Malaria Vaccines: A Game-Changer for Africa – and Beyond

Malaria: A Persistent Global Health Threat: Despite ongoing efforts, malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites (being P. falciparum the most lethal),...

Pharmacoeconomics in Vaccines

Introduction Vaccines success throughout time has been more than evident, global immunization efforts have saved an estimated 154 million lives – or the equivalent of 6...

Combination Vaccines

The core function of a vaccine is to trigger immune responses that specifically target a particular pathogen. Historically, vaccines were designed, developed, registered, recommended,...

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